Human blood group🩸

∆HUMAN BLOOD GROUP 

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 #Although whole blood transfusions can save lives, people have different blood groups, and transfusing incompatible or mismatched blood can be fatal.

• Antigen. An antigen is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign , it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it.

• Antibodies. One person’s RBC proteins will be recognized as foreign if transfused into another person with different RBC antigens; the “recognizers” are antibodies present in the plasma that attach to RBCs bearing surface antigens different from those on the patient’s  RBCs.

• Agglutination. Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump, a phenomenon called agglutination, which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body.

• ABO blood groups. The ABO blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits; absence of both antigens results in type O blood, presence of both antigens leads to type AB, and the presence of either A or B antigen yields type A or B blood.

• Rh blood groups. The Rh blood groups are so named because one of the eight Rh antigens was originally identified in Rhesus monkeys; later the same antigen was discovered in human beings; most Americans are Rh+ , meaning that their RBCs carry the Rh antigen.

• Anti-Rh antibodies. Unlike the antibodies of the ABO system, anti-Rh antibodies are not automatically formed and present in the blood of Rh- individuals.

• Hemolysis. Hemolysis does not occur with the first transfusion because it takes time for the body to react and start making antibodies.